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Non-animal Methods for Toxicity Testing

References


Last Updated: December 6, 2007
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Cucullo, L., Hossain, M., Rapp, E., et al. (2007). Development of a humanized in vitro blood-brain barrier model to screen for brain penetration of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 48, 505-516.

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Gartlon, J., Kinsner, A., Bal-Price, A., et al. (2006). Evaluation of a proposed in vitro test strategy using neuronal and non-neuronal cell systems for detecting neurotoxicity. Toxicol. In Vitro. 20, 1569-1581.

Harry, G.J., Billingsley, M., Bruinink, A., et al. (1998). In vitro techniques for the assessment of neurotoxicity. Environ. Health Perspect. 106, Suppl. 1, 131-158.

Li, A.P., Bode, C. & Sakai, Y. (2004). A novel in vitro system, the integrated discrete multiple organ cell culture (IdMOC) system, for the evaluation of human drug toxicity: comparative cytotoxicity of tamoxifen towards normal human cells from five major organs and MCF-7 adenocarcinoma breast cancer cells. Chem. Biol. Interact. 150, 129-136.

Mannerström, M., Toimela, T., Ylikomi, T. & Tähti, H. (2006). The combined use of human neural and liver cell lines and mouse hepatocytes improves the predictability of the neurotoxicity of selected drugs. Toxicol. Lett. 165, 195-202.

Meacham, C.A., Freudenrich, T.M., Anderson, W.L., et al. (2005). Accumulation of methylmercury or polychlorinated biphenyls in in vitro models of rat neuronal tissue. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 205, 177-187.

Mundy, W.R., Freudenrich, T.M., Crofton, K.M. & DeVito, M.J. (2004). Accumulation of PBDE-47 in primary cultures of rat neocortical cells. Toxicol. Sci. 82, 164-169.

Prieto, P., Clemedson, C., Meneguz, A., et al. (2005). Subacute and subchronic toxicity. Altern. Lab. Anim. 33, Suppl.1, 109-116.

Siddharthan, V., Kim, Y.V., Liu, S. & Kim, K.S. (2007). Human astrocytes/astrocyte-conditioned medium and shear stress enhance the barrier properties of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Brain Res. 1147, 39-50.

Tähti, H., Nevala, H. & Toimela, T. (2003). Refining in vitro neurotoxicity testing--the development of blood-brain barrier models. Altern. Lab. Anim. 31, 273-276.

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). (2004). Globally Harmonized System of classification and labeling of chemicals (GHS). Part 3, Health and environmental hazards. Chapter 3.8. Specific target organ systemic toxicity - single exposure. Available here.