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Non-animal Methods for Toxicity Testing

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Last Updated: December 6, 2007
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  1. Teeling-Smith, G. (1980). A Question of Balance; the Benefits and Risks of Pharmaceutical Innovation. Publ. Office of Health Economics, London.
  2. The Royal Society. (1983). Risk Assessment — Report of a Royal Society Study Group. Publ. Royal Society, London.
  3. Home Office. (2007). Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2006. Cm. 7153. Publ. The Stationery Office, London.
  4. Expert Group on Phase One Clinical Trials: Final Report, 7 December 2006. Publ. The Stationery Office, London.
  5. Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC.
  6. The Food and Drug Administration. (2004). Innovation and Stagnation: Challenge and Opportunity on the Critical Path to New Medical Products.
  7. National Research Council (2007). Toxicity Testing in the Twenty-first Century: Vision and a Strategy. ISBN: 0-309-10989-2.
  8. Blaauboer, B. & Andersen, M.E. (2007). The need for a new toxicity testing and risk analysis paradigm to implement REACH or any other large scale testing initiative. Arch. Toxicol. 81, 385-387.
  9. Langley, G. (2004). Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: A Non-Animal Testing Approach. Publ. BUAV, London.
  10. Brown, D., Ellisman, M., Lioy, P., Omenn, G., Potter, J.D., Smith, M.T., Sohn, L., Suk, W.A., Sumner, S., Swenberg, J., Walt, D.R., Watkins, S., Thompson, C. & Wilson, S.H. (2005). Personalized exposure assessment: promising approaches for human environmental health research. Environ. Health Perspect. 113, 840-848.
  11. BioCentury. (2005). The Bernstein Report on Biobusiness, September 5, 2005, pages A10-A12.
  12. Fentem, J., Chamberlain, M. & Sangster, B. (2004).The feasibility of replacing animal testing for assessing consumer safety: a suggested future direction. Altern. Lab. Anim. 32, 617-623.
  13. Parexel Pharmaceutical R&D Statistical Sourcebook 2002/2003. Boston Consulting Group: A Revolution in R&D – How Genomics and Genetics will affect Drug Development Costs and Times.
  14. Sheppard, G.S. & Bouska, J.J. (2005). Why optimize cancer drugs for ADMET? Drug Discov. Today. 2, 343-349.
  15. Kassel, D.B. (2004). Applications of high-throughput ADME in drug discovery. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 8, 339-345.
  16. Riley R.J. & Kenna J.G. (2004). Cellular models for ADMET predictions and evaluation of drug-drug interactions. Curr. Opin. Drug. Discov. Devel. 7, 86-99.
  17. Bugrim, A., Nikolskaya, T. & Nikolsky, Y. (2004). Early prediction of drug metabolism and toxicity: systems biology approach and modeling. Drug. Discov. Today. 9, 127-135.
  18. Sivaraman, A., Leach, J.K., Townsend, S., Iida, T., Hogan, B.J., Stolz, D.B., Fry, R., Samson, L.D., Tannenbaum, S.R. & Griffith, L.G. (2005). A microscale in vitro physiological model of the liver: predictive screens for drug metabolism and enzyme induction. Curr. Drug. Metab. 6, 569-591.
  19. Thedinga, E., Ullrich, A., Drechsler, S., Niendorf, R., Kob, A., Runge, D., Keuer, A., Freund, I., Lehmann, M. & Ehret, R. (2007). In vitro system for the prediction of hepatotoxic effects in primary hepatocytes. ALTEX. 24, 22-34.
  20. Viravaidya, K., Sin, A. & Shuler, M.L. (2004). Development of a microscale cell culture analog to probe naphthalene toxicity. Biotechnol. Prog. 20, 316-323.
  21. Coecke, S., Ahr, H., Blaauboer, B.J., Bremer, S., Casati, S., Castell, J., Combes, R. Corvi, R., Crespi, C.L., Cunningham, M.L., Elaut, G., Eletti, B., Freidig, A., Gennari, A., Ghersi-Egea, J.F., Guillouzo, A., Hartung, T., Hoet, P., Ingelman-Sundberg, M., Munn, S., Janssens, W., Ladstetter, B., Leahy, D., Long, A., Meneguz, A., Monshouwer, M., Morath, S., Nagelkerke, F., Pelkonen, O., Ponti J., Prieto, P., Richert, L., Sabbioni, E., Schaack, B. Steiling, W., Testai, E., Vericat, J.A. & Worth, A. (2006). Metabolism: A Bottleneck in In Vitro Toxicological Test Development: The Report and Recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 541. Altern. Lab. Anim. 34, 49-84.
  22. ACuteTox
  23. BioSim
  24. Rostami-Hodjegan, A. & Tucker, G.T. (2007). Simulation and prediction of in vivo drug metabolism in human populations from in vitro data. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 6, 140-148.
  25. Combes, R.D., Berridge, T., Connelly, J., Eve, M.D., Garner, R.C., Toon, S. & Wilcox, P. (2003). Early microdose drug studies in human volunteers can minimise animal testing: Proceedings of a workshop organised by Volunteers in Research and Testing. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 19, 1-11.
  26. Beumer, J.H., Garner, R.C., Cohen, M.B., Galbraith, S., Duncan, G.F., Griffin, T., Beijnen, J.H. & Schellens, J.H. (2007). Human mass balance study of the novel anticancer agent ixabepilone using accelerator mass spectrometry. Invest. New Drugs 25, 327-334.